The results enhance the understanding of water and energy exchanges between a terrestrial biotope and the surrounding water, which might further generate insights into the biochemical processes in wetlands. This study explored another potential reason behind the energy imbalance of the eddy covariance technique. The uncertainties of the turbulent fluxes and the lateral heat fluxes were estimated to be 10%–20% and 10%–30%, respectively. However, the subsurface lateral heat fluxes could not account for the energy imbalance because their magnitudes were relatively small and fluctuated in phase with the energy budget residuals during the winter months. The subsurface lateral heat fluxes were largest close to the interface of the reed bed and water and decreased as the distance from the interface increased, as expected. An eddy covariance system was also set up on the reed bed. An array of temperature and water-level sensors was installed in the soil of the reed bed and in the adjacent water. This study examined the subsurface lateral heat fluxes between a reed bed and the adjacent water of a subtropical wetland in Hong Kong, China. Many wetlands are heterogeneous, with a mix of vegetated areas and shallow open water. Among lateral heat fluxes, the surface and subsurface fluxes, which might affect the surface energy balance closure over a heterogeneous surface, are less studied. In the eddy covariance technique, lateral heat fluxes in the atmosphere, surfaces, and subsurfaces are often ignored under the assumption of a homogeneous surface. Taylor Series Method for Uncertainty Analysis.Footprint Analysis and Seasonal Variation of Wind.Understanding subsurface water and energy exchanges for biochemical processes 3) Potential influence of gas translocation.2) Influence of other site-specific characteristics.1) Influence of the reed bed areal extent.Factors influencing the subsurface lateral heat flux Relationship between the lateral heat flux and energy imbalance Sensitivity analysis of thermal and hydraulic conductivity
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